Conventional chemistry

Classical chemistry studies elementary particles, atoms, molecules, elements, metals, marbles, and other combinations of substances. This analysis can take place in the solid, liquid, or solid-state of the above substances individually or collectively. Interactions, effects, and changes studied in chemistry are those that occur as a result of interactions between substances or as result of interactions between matter and energy. Studies of such behavior of chemicals are carried out in chemical laboratories.

"Chemical reaction" or "chemical reaction" refers to the transformation of some substance into one or more substances. This can be expressed symbolically by a chemical equation. The number of atoms on the right-hand and left-hand sides of these equations is often the same. The nature of chemical reactions involving a substance and the accompanying energy changes are governed by certain fundamental laws known as laws of chemistry.

The concept of energy and heat of exchange is central to almost all chemical studies. Chemical substances are classified on the basis of their structure, state, and chemical composition. These can be analyzed with the help of instruments for chemical analysis. Scientists who study chemistry are known as chemists. Chemists have special skills in one or more sub-disciplines of chemistry.

History
The ancient Egyptians were the pioneers of synthetic chemistry as early as 4000 BC. As early as 1000 BC, ancient civilizations were using technologies that formed the basis of various sub-disciplines of chemistry. These include extracting metals from mineral sources, refining and polishing pottery, making fermented liquors, making dyes for clothing and dyeing, extracting chemicals from plants for making medicines and perfumes, making dairy products, coloring clothes, tanning leather, making detergents from tallow, making glass, and bronze. This includes the creation of alloys such as Elder in his Naturalis Historia. The development of chemistry can be broadly classified as follows:

Egyptian alchemy (300 BC – 400 BC) developed early elemental theories such as the "octowatt" (eightfold).
Greek Alchemy (332 BC – 642 AD) When the Macedonian emperor Alexanderchemistry can be traced back to the process of extracting metals from ore materials through the use of cooked combustion. Despite not understanding the underlying principles, his greed for gold helped him find ways to purify it. At that time they thought that this was not a purification but a change. Many scholars of the time believed that there was a way to turn cheap metals into gold. This was the basis for the emergence of alchemy and spawned efforts to find the "alchemist's stone" that could turn base metals into gold when touched.

As seen in De Rerum Natura, written by the Roman Lucretius in 50 BC, the atomic theory of the Greeks dates back to 440 BC. Much of the early development of purification methods is described by Pliny the conquered Egypt, he learned that its capital, Alexandria, had the largest library in the world and that scholars gathered there to study.
Islamic Alchemy (642 – 1200 AD), Muslims conquer Egypt. Sabir ibn Ayyan, al-Razi developed alchemy, and Sabir revised Aristotle's theories. There were changes in methods and tools.
European alchemy (1300 – present), based and developed on Arabic alchemy by Pseudo-Geber. From the 12th century, the major developments moved from Arabian soil to Europe.
Chemistry (1661), Boyle wrote an important work on chemistry (The Skeptical Chymist).
Chemistry (1788), Lavoisier wrote and published his "Elements of Chemistry".
In chemistry (1803), Dalton's "Atomic Theory" was published.
In Chemistry (1869), Dmitri Mentliev presented the periodic table that became the framework for modern chemistry.
The pioneers of modern chemistry and the inventors of modern scientific methods were Arab and Persian scholars of the Middle Ages. They introduced precise observations and controlled experimental methods and discovered many new chemicals.

"The Muslims are perhaps the complete creators of chemistry as a science. In this field, to stop the Greeks from industrial knowledge and vague formulas, the Muslims introduced precise observations, controlled experimental methods, and careful notation. They invented and named the distillation apparatus called the 'Alembic', and chemically analyzed innumerable substances, and stone objects. They created, and distinguished between alkali and acid, studied their properties, and studied and produced hundreds of medicines. Alchemy, which came to the Muslims through Egypt, contributed to chemistry through the discovery of thousands of secondary effects and its methods, which became the greatest scientific activity of the Middle Ages."

Among the most influential Muslim chemists were Sabir ibn Aiyan, al-Kindi, al-Razi, al-Biruni, and al-Assen. Sabir's works were introduced to Europe through Latin translations by the 14th-century Spaniard Ceudo-Geber. Pseudo-Geber also wrote a few works under the pseudonym Geber. The contributions of Indian chemists and metallurgists to the development of chemistry are also worth mentioning.


Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is considered the father of modern chemistry[3]
The rise of chemistry in Europe was due to frequent plagues during the so-called Dark Ages. This increased the demand for drugs. At that time it was believed that there was one thing called "Kayakalpam" which could not cure all diseases. But, like the alchemy stone, no one has discovered it yet.

Some who took up alchemy considered it an intellectual activity. Some of them also advanced ideas over time. Paracelsus (1493–1541), for example, rejected the four-element theory and developed a mixed theory of alchemy and science, keeping his vague understanding of chemistry and medicine. Similarly, the influence of philosophers such as Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626) and René Tag card (1596–1650) who insisted on greater control in mathematics and debiasing of scientific observations spawned the Scientific Revolution. In chemistry, it began with Robert Boyle (1627–1691). He expressed a law regarding the nature of the state of matter. This is known as Boyle's Law.

Antoine Lavoisier published the theory of mass conservation in 1783 and John Dalton the atomic theory in 1800. In fact, chemistry matured only after this. The chemistry had to be reinvented as a result of the law of conservation of mass and Ochsison's theory of combustion, which was largely based on Lavoisier's efforts. Lavoisier's fundamental contribution to chemistry was his attempt to fit all experiments into a single theoretical framework.

Lavoisier stopped the continued use of chemical equilibria, overthrew the Pleistocene theory using Ochsian, developed a new system of chemical nomenclature, and contributed to the modern metric system. Ilavosi was also involved in translating old, obsolete chemical terms and technical language into a way that the largely illiterate public could understand. This has increased people's involvement in road construction. Such advances in chemistry led to what is commonly known as the "Chemical Revolution". Lavoisier's contributions led to the development of modern chemistry, which is taught today in academic institutions around the world. For this and his other contributions, Lavossi is hailed as the father of modern chemistry.